Urology is a vast branch of medical science which has subdivisions like:

Endourology

Endourology is the branch of urology that deals with minimally invasive surgical procedures. As opposed to an open surgery, endourology is performed using small endoscopes and instruments that are inserted into the urinary tract. Transurethral surgery is the cornerstone of endourology. Most of the urinary tract can be reached via the urethra, enabling prostate surgery, surgery of tumours of the urothelium, stone surgery, and simple urethral & ureteral procedures.

Laparoscopy

Laparoscopy is a rapidly evolving branch of urology and has replaced several open-surgical procedures. Robot-assisted surgery of the prostate, kidney, and ureter has been expanding in this field. Today, most of the radical prostatectomies across the world are carried out by robotic assistance. Laparoscopic nephrectomy, prostatectomy, and pyeloplasty are well-established procedures in the field of urology which are available at Shalby Hospitals.

Urologic Oncology

Urologic oncology concerns the surgical treatment of malignant genitourinary diseases such as cancer of the prostate, adrenal glands, bladder, kidneys, ureters, testicles, and penis. The medical treatment of advanced genitourinary cancer is managed by either the best urologist, urology doctor or oncologist of India depending on the spread and stage of cancer.

Neuro Urology

Neuro-urology focuses on nervous system control of the genito-urinary system, and conditions that cause abnormal urination. Neurological diseases and disorders such as a stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and spinal cord injury disrupt the lower urinary tract and may result in conditions such as urinary incontinence, detrusor over-activity, urinary retention, and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. Urodynamic studies play an important diagnostic role in neuro-urology. Therapy for nervous system disorders includes clean intermittent self-catheterization of the bladder, anticholinergic drugs, injection of Botulinum toxin into the bladder wall and advanced yet less-commonly used therapies such as sacral neuromodulation. Less marked neurological abnormalities can cause urological disorders as well. For example, abnormalities of the sensory nervous system are thought by many researchers to play a role in disorders of painful or frequent urination (e.g. painful bladder syndrome, formerly known as interstitial cystitis).

Paediatric Urology

Paediatric urology deals with urologic disorders in children. These disorders include cryptorchism (undescended testes), congenital abnormalities of the genitourinary tract, enuresis, underdeveloped genitalia (due to delayed growth or delayed puberty; often an endocrinological problem), and vesicoureteral reflux. It also deals with paediatric stone diseases that are now managed through endoscopy.

Andrology

Andrology focuses on the male reproductive system. It is mainly concerned with male infertility, erectile dysfunction and ejaculatory disorders. Andrology overlaps with endocrinology as male sexuality is largely controlled by hormones. Surgeries in this field include fertilization procedures, vasectomy reversals, and the implantation of penile prostheses. Vasectomies may also be included here, although generally urologists perform this procedure.

Reconstructive Urology

Reconstructive Urology, a highly specialized field of urology, deals with congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract – vesicoureteric reflux, obstruction in the pelvic ureteric junction, urethral stricture disease and other reconstructions of genitourinary tract post trauma, to restore the functions.

Urogynecology

The branch which deals with female pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence and other voiding dysfunction in women is known as Urogynecology. Various fistulas such as ureterovaginal and vesicovaginal also form part of Urogynecology. Only an expert Urologist/Urosurgeon with extensive knowledge of the female pelvic floor and having urodynamic skills can diagnose and treat these disorders effectively. Based on the cause of an individual’s problem, the line of treatment such as medical or surgical is decided.

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