With the introduction and success of ICSI technique, novel opportunity for parenthood developed for azoospermic men. Epididymal and testicular spermatozoa can be used for ICSI technique. Testicular spermatozoa can be retrieved even in some patients of Non obstructive azoospermia as isolated foci of spermatogenesis may be present.

Surgical retrieval of sperms has now become a routine technique in clinical andrology. ICSI has also reinforced the role of non-surgical techniques of sperm retrieval in men suffering from anejaculation.